Temperature of cold water in the tap according to GOST

How to find out how many degrees the temperature of the water in the tap is

If you do not have a special device attached to the source, you can get by with simpler methods. To do this you will need an ordinary household thermometer.

Important! Open the tap and set it to cold. Let the liquid drain for 2-3 minutes. Stagnant water in the water supply is usually located somewhat further than the one that flows out first, so for accurate measurements you should wait time.

Place any container under the faucet that will fit the thermometer. Place it at the bottom of the container. Leave everything in this position until the numbers on the thermometer stop. To ensure the most accurate temperature, it is not advisable to move the bowl.

Normal hot water temperature in an apartment building in 2020-2020 - how many degrees

Often, residents are faced with the fact that the management company does not want to recalculate and generally solve the problem with hot water. In this case, you will need the help of companies that have been accredited to carry out water temperature measurement activities.

Open the hot water tap and let the water drain to achieve a constant temperature.
Pour hot water into a container (from 1 liter).
Using a thermometer, measure the liquid in the container.
The numbers on the thermometer will indicate the temperature of the hot water.

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What should be the water temperature for bathing newborns?

Hello, dear mothers, fathers, grandparents! After the baby is born, your main task will be to care for him. One of the daily hygiene procedures will be bathing the baby. And in order for your baby to like this procedure, you need to try, first of all, to make the water temperature optimal.

The temperature of the water for bathing a newborn should be warm, but it may even seem cool to us. Of course, this is difficult to understand, since we have long been accustomed to taking a long hot bath. We enjoy soaking in hot water, and we are so confident in the benefits of this procedure that it becomes very difficult to convince us of this. A newborn has completely different sensations and this must be taken into account.

Emergency situations associated with changes in tap water temperature

There are a number of basic and common problems that are directly related to exceeding the temperature of cold water in water supply systems.

Such problems arise regardless of the time of year and typical features of the water pipeline.

A slight warming of water is characterized by an increase in temperature indicators of only 6-10°C, but more pronounced fluctuations occur quite often not only in conditions of autonomous water supply to the private residential sector.

If warming of cold water coming from the tap occurs in a multi-apartment residential building with a centralized hot water supply, then we can assume the problem of mixing hot and cold water media under conditions of unequal pressure inside the pipelines. As a rule, the main reason for such mixing is a malfunction of the standard mixer installed on the distribution riser.

Somewhat less often, the mixing of aqueous media is the result of gross errors made in the process of performing basic sanitary and technical work in the technical underground, which causes hot water to be thrown into the cold main.

It is important to remember that any problems accompanied by even short-term injection of hot water into the cold water supply system must be eliminated as soon as possible. Otherwise, expensive automatic washing machines and dishwashing equipment, as well as many other household appliances operating using a cold water supply system, will fail.

To prevent warming of cold water in the tap when operating any electric water heating devices, it is necessary to promptly cut off the hot water supply circuit while using the heating element, as well as cut off boiler devices in conditions of water intake from the common riser.

The presence of two open circuits most often causes mixing of hot and cold environments, and also provokes the occurrence of powerful water hammer, and, as a result, breakdown of plumbing.

The use of flow-type gas water heating devices for hot water supply is based on the operation of the unit without adding cold water, and the temperature indicators of the water supplied to the tap should be set only by changing the heating level on the equipment itself. Otherwise, overheating and subsequent shutdown of the burners in emergency mode occurs.

GOST and SanPin set the standard temperature in the apartment. But there are certain factors that influence its change. Let's talk about them in more detail.

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Accidents and other situations

Within the cold water supply there are problematic cases associated with exceeding the temperature values in the supply system. Difficulties are actualized depending on the typical features of communications and the time of year.

The fact of slight warming is indicated by a change in the indicator by 6-9 degrees . Higher fluctuations are found in devices for autonomous supply of private houses.

If a change in heat is observed in multi-apartment residential buildings with a centralized hot and cold supply system, then the problem of mixing flows arises as a result of uneven pressure inside the pipe.

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Emergency situations:

failure of a standard mixer that was previously installed on a riser intended for distributing water flows;
gross errors related to supply - as a result of violations in the implementation of sanitary and technical measures in the basement;
release of hot liquid into the cold supply lines;
failure of washing machines;
breakdown of equipment intended for washing and cleaning dishes;
damage to other household appliances connected to the cold water system.

Any malfunctions associated with short-term emissions of hot flows into pipes with cold ones must be eliminated as soon as possible.

To minimize the risks associated with warming cold water during the operation of electrical heating appliances, it is necessary to immediately cut off the hot supply circuits while using specialized elements. Additionally, the boiler installation is disconnected from the common riser.

The presence of a pair of open circuits causes the mixing of masses of different temperatures, which automatically provokes a strong water hammer. The result is damage to plumbing parts.

Overheating and shutdown of burners in emergency mode occurs when using flow-type gas heating devices. An acceptable temperature is set by changing the current heating level on the profile device itself.

Cold water temperature in the tap

Since the generator of cold water that enters the taps of residents of apartment buildings is a centralized water supply, its temperature may vary slightly depending on various factors. Such factors include the time of year, how the pipelines are placed, what condition they are in, and many other details. However, there is a general state standard that dictates the temperature of water, which must be observed regardless of the circumstances.

It should be noted that the executive authorities have adopted a number of regulations relating to building codes and regulations. This source notes the standards for relative cold water supply to residential premises that must be observed.

Building regulations

The current Housing Code of the Russian Federation stipulates that residents who systematically pay a certain price for the supply of water resources to their homes must receive them in the amount that they require for a comfortable stay. In addition, the composition of the water must be safe for human health and not contain any dangerous impurities. However, such a source as building codes and regulations states that residents will be provided with water suitable for drinking only if it is supplied through pipelines that meet all sanitary standards.

In different regions of the Russian Federation, water quality varies significantly. In this regard, the current legislation stipulates that temperature indicators, depending on certain quality characteristics, may vary slightly in different cities and even regions. Also, the building codes and regulations indicate that during one month there may be no water in the taps of individuals for a total of eight hours. In addition, if residents are denied water supply for more than four consecutive hours on the same day, it is considered an offense.

The heat of water resources generated by the cold main does not in any way affect the level of living comfort of individuals. The same fact applies to sanitary conditions. Regarding the pressure that should be in the cold water supply circuit, the building codes and regulations state that the minimum value of this indicator is 0.03 MP, and the maximum is 0.6 MP.

What GOST says

As for the temperature indicators of cold water supplied to the homes of citizens of the Russian Federation, the state standard says practically nothing on this topic. However, what the quality and composition of water resources should be is described in some detail in this source. The following rules apply regarding the temperature characteristics of cold water:

The water temperature depends on the season. In the warm season, the water supplied to residents' taps will be slightly warmer than in cold seasons. This fact is directly related to weather conditions. The water entering a special structure, which is designed to collect water from a source, will be much warmer in summer than in winter. In addition, a hydraulic structure designed to supply and drain water resources in a certain direction, called a water pipeline, is located close to the soil, the temperature of which also affects the temperature of the water.
Temperature standards are set by the supplier. Since the current legislation did not regulate temperature indicators that are directly related to cold tap water, each individual organization that provides services of this nature independently determines these values. In most cases, the minimum limit is set at four degrees Celsius, and the maximum at twenty degrees.

What temperature should cold water in the tap be according to GOST 2020?

This indicator is characterized by a minimum (not lower than 60 °C) and a maximum limit (not higher than 75 °C) and does not allow deviations from the specified temperature regime, subject to which the quality of the utility service is ensured. The temperature of hot water in places of water collection, regardless of the heat supply system used, must be no lower than 60 C and no higher than 75 C. REASONS: clause 5. 1. 2 SP 30. 13330. 2012 “Internal water supply and sewerage of buildings Updated edition of SNiP 2.04 01-85*; P.

How to measure.
Emergency situations.
Important details.
Acceptable values Typically, the water supplied to residential private and apartment buildings is meant to be drinking water. What does the use of a specific SNiP mean? It is also important to note that in some cases deviations from established standards are allowed. Such cases today include primarily the following:
for some reason it is not possible to provide the population with water in the usual way;
there is agreement with special government bodies regarding the deviation;
there is no threat to the population - in the presence of deviations from established standards;
all necessary information regarding deviations from the norms is provided to the population itself.

An increase in temperature up to 76% is considered a violation. Just like its drop to 56 degrees during the day or to 54% at night. How to measure your own temperature If a citizen thinks that the temperature of the hot water in the tap is much hotter than usual, then you should measure it according to all the rules. Demands can be made to the service organization only when measurements are taken in accordance with all the rules with the minimum permissible error. The thermometer must be in working order and contain a 100 degree scale.

The algorithm of actions should be as follows: 2. 4 SANPiN 2. 1. 4. 2496-09 “Hygienic requirements for ensuring the safety of hot water supply systems”; 5. 3. 1 “Rules and standards for the technical operation of the housing stock (approved by the Post of the State Construction Committee of the Russian Federation dated September 27, 2003 No. 170); Clause 5 of Appendix 1 “Rules for the provision of utility services to owners and users of premises in apartment buildings and residential buildings” (approved.

Fast. For each hour of exceeding the permissible duration of a hot water supply interruption, calculated in total for the billing period in which the specified excess occurred, the amount of payment for utility services for such billing period is reduced by 0.15 percent of the fee determined for such billing period. Permissible deviation of the temperature of hot water at the point of water collection from the temperature of hot water at the point of water collection that meets the requirements of the legislation of the Russian Federation on technical regulation: at night (from 0.00 to 5.00 hours) - no more than 5°C; in the daytime (from 5.00 to 00.00 hours) - no more than 3°C.

At what temperature does water freeze

When pressure changes, often associated with being at different altitudes, the freezing point of water begins to differ radically from the standard one characteristic of normal conditions. Crystallization of water at altitude occurs at the following temperature values:

In Russia and Europe, temperature is measured on the Celsius scale, the highest value of which is 100 degrees.
The American scientist Fahrenheit developed his own scale with 180 divisions.
There is another unit of temperature measurement - the kelvin, named after the English physicist Thomson, who received the title of Lord Kelvin.

Possible accidents due to changes in water temperature

Emergency situations with cold water are associated with its warming. It usually warms slightly (less than 10 degrees Celsius). The problem is that the hot and cold water environment at the station coincided. This happens quite often, and a faulty mixer in waterworks is to blame. This device is expensive, so organizations often minimize its importance by not changing it on time. However, even such a slight excess of the average can have dire consequences. The bottom line is that due to mixing cold and hot, the composition of cold water changes for the worse. Hot water contains slightly more hazardous substances than cold water.

Washing machines using cold water may be damaged due to this excess.

If you notice such violations, you must contact the management organization to resolve the problem. The water temperature must be restored as soon as possible.

What temperature should hot water be?

If the hot water temperature is constantly low and the reasons for this decrease are unclear, you should decide with a company representative (dispatcher) about the time to carry out a control measurement of the hot water temperature. After measuring and drawing up several copies of the act according to the number of participants in the measurement, the document is sent to the authorities that approve or do not approve the need for recalculation.

If you, as an applicant and injured person, do not agree with the results of the inspection and measurements, you can request an additional examination. The repeated inspection is agreed upon and carried out in the same way as the initial one, only an expert is already involved in it. If, during a repeated inspection, the fact of a violation is not confirmed and recorded, then the costs of the examination will be borne by the applicant. Extract from SanPiN 4723-88

Pouring cold water

Tell your work colleagues and family about your grandiose plans. Give a specific date. For example, tomorrow's date. Why wait longer? You know that at work they will definitely ask about your successes, but admitting your weakness will be simply awkward. This is a very effective method. It turns out that you are making a promise not only to yourself, which could easily be forgotten, but also to the outside world.
Buy a bucket for hardening. And let it be only yours. Go to the store, choose a fun, bright, cheerful bucket. Warn all your relatives that this is your hardening container and throwing a floor rag into it will be regarded as a crime. It will be just wonderful if your family gets into this idea with you.

Even ancient healers treated ailments using this procedure. Healers knew about the wonderful properties of water and skillfully applied them in practice. To this day, dousing is considered one of the most accessible, safe and effective ways to combat many diseases.

If the water is not hot, ask for recalculation

People know that there are standards. By Decree of the Ministry of Housing and Communal Services of the Republic of Belarus dated December 3, 2010 No. 25 “On the requirements for the quality of basic housing and communal services”, the temperature of hot water supplied to apartments must be at least 50 °C. If the standard is not met, then you can request a recalculation for the service provided. To do this, you need to submit an application to the Gantsevichi RZHKH, which is obliged to consider it, study the situation and, upon confirmation of the fact, carry out a recalculation, reducing the amount of the fee.

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Residents of about ten communal houses from which complaints were received received a recalculation for May. They were charged for heating the water to 30-48 degrees instead of 50. According to another housing and communal services specialist, residents of cooperative houses always pay only for the actual heating of water, because each house has meters, according to the readings of which the payment for heating water for each month is calculated exactly in this house. “Based on applications, we take statistics on meter readings in heating stations and calculate payments,” the specialist explained.

Standards according to GOST

SNIP does not establish exact standards for the temperature of cold tap water, as it may depend on several factors.

Season. In spring and summer, the temperature of the liquid may be slightly higher than at other times of the year. Since it is at this time that the sun’s rays heat the soil in which the water supply and water intake structures are laid.
Water supply company. The fact that temperature standards are not specified in legislative and administrative acts allows suppliers to set them themselves. Typically, the minimum temperature threshold for cold tap water is 4 degrees, and the maximum is 20.

The minimum and maximum thresholds will be specified in the contract with the organization supplying the resource. Therefore, you can easily check the company for compliance with the established framework.

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(first night trip on a bus from Poland to Amsterdam) to 26 – part of the day in Paris.
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Hot water temperature standard

If the temperature of the supplied hot water is reduced for unknown reasons, it is necessary to agree on the day and hour of measurements. Next, after taking measurements, a report is drawn up. The number of copies of this document must be equal to the number of participants in the procedure. Based on the measurements taken, the payment for hot water is recalculated or not according to the tariff for cold water.

70−80°C: at this temperature the disinfection process occurs;
66°C: Legionella dies within 2 minutes;
60°C: the bacterium dies in 22 minutes;
55°C: bacteria are destroyed in 5-6 hours;
20−45°C: temperature of active reproduction of bacteria;
Below 20C the bacterium does not multiply.

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What should be the standard hot water temperature in an apartment building?

Only a management company employee can measure the temperature in the pipe system. This requires certain knowledge of the technique and special equipment. The work is most often carried out in the basement, from where the pipeline is routed to the apartments.

The beginning of the recalculation period is taken to be the date of drawing up the official act by public utilities; the end date will be the elimination of the discrepancy. This is confirmed by a message from the consumer or repeated measurements with the drawing up of a report.

Accepted standards

Cold water supply is a set of measures that are aimed at providing consumers with water in the required volume. Today, a person’s country stay in a private household can be just as comfortable as in a city apartment.

One of the main components of comfortable living is the availability of high-quality engineering communications, including a water supply system. Currently, such systems must comply with all established regulations and sanitary standards.

A standard urban plumbing system is represented by:

a pipeline consisting of risers and supply pipes;
the entrance of supply pipes into the building;
valves of shut-off, mixing, regulating and water-folding types;
water metering units;
filtration devices;
pumping equipment.

In private households, it is also possible to provide yourself with water by installing your own autonomous water supply system, presented by:

installation of pumping equipment for a water intake source in the form of a well or borehole;
installation of a water tank designed to ensure uninterrupted water supply and reduce the load on pumping equipment;
arrangement of a water treatment system, including filter components and softeners;
installation of piping inside the house.

The cold water supply standards specified in CHiP stipulate the supply of drinking cold water through pipelines that are made of materials that fully comply with sanitary standards. Most often, a pipeline made of modern and durable polypropylene or metal-plastic is used.

The temperature of the water in the system may also vary slightly depending on pressure indicators and quality composition.

According to the technical regulations specified in CHiP, a total interruption in the supply of cold water supply is allowed for no more than eight hours over the course of one month, as well as four hours at a time.

The amount of heat in the water supplied by the cold main is not decisive in assessing the comfort of living and in creating sanitary conditions.

For apartment buildings, CHiP specifies pressure indicators inside the cold water supply circuit - over 0.03 MPa or 0.3 kgf/sq., but not higher than 0.6 MPa or 6 kgf/sq. The same parameters for a water column should not be less than 0.1 MPa or 1 kgf/sq.

Checking temperature and quality

If, to control water pressure, people install pressure gauges and pressure reducers in apartments themselves, then no one bothers to control the temperature of hot water.

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To improve the quality of water, coarse filters (required) and fine filters (optional) are installed in the water supply system.

Water quality control can be done in any independent laboratory that has the necessary certificates.

Building codes

In the Housing Code of the Russian Federation, in the decrees on pipelines and sewerage, it is stated that those who periodically pay rent for water resources should receive an amount of the resource that will be sufficient for a person’s comfortable living. SNIP states that the composition of the liquid must be safe. And for the liquid to be suitable for drinking, the water supply must meet all sanitary standards. And if its supply in the house is turned off for more than 4 hours in a row, this is a violation. You can make such an application to the court by attaching the necessary documents. This decree can also be found in the water supply rules of SNIP.

A little about the water supply system

The physical parameters of water are also influenced by the technical characteristics of the entire system, which vary depending on the installation method and location.

The city water supply system consists of:

Pipeline, it consists of risers and conductive pipes.
Entrance of conductive pipes into the house.
Certain types of fittings (water intake, mixing, shut-off, control).
Water meter units.
Pumps.
Filters of various types (reverse osmosis, cartridge, flow, jug).

In private households, the water supply system is presented differently:

Well, well, water tower.
Pump.
A container for permanent storage of liquid, this will ensure uninterrupted supply and allow the pump to last longer.
Various filters for cleaning.
Piping.

The temperature parameter of cold water in the tap depends primarily on the time of year and region of residence. So in cities that take water from the Volga, the temperature is 25-27 degrees Celsius, and in places where rivers, lakes or reservoirs have a different temperature, the water will be colder or warmer. It varies from 15 to 27 degrees. In winter it is lower, reaching 3-5. It is worth noting that in the pipes through which water reaches the house, the heat may be less (minus 3-4), this is due to the fact that the pressure in the pipes reaches 10 atmospheres, and the crystallization temperature of the liquid decreases with each atmosphere.

According to the standards, the physical parameters of cold water in the tap are acceptable within 4-20⁰C. These standards should be established by housing and communal services or other local authorities; all standards are only recommendations. Exact indicators for 2020 have not been established, since they may change according to SanPin and SNiP standards depending on the time of year and place of residence. Thus, the degree of warmth of water in autumn can be 10⁰ C in September, and 5-6⁰ in October. In fact, the approximate temperature is 9 degrees. If water is supplied by a private company, then the heat is set according to their regulations within the recommended values.

You can independently find out the temperature of the water in your apartment, it should be 9⁰ C. For an accurate measurement, take 2 containers, one larger and the other smaller, but higher. Pour cold water into a large container and place it on the bottom of the sink, then collect the liquid in a small container and place it in a larger one so that the stream flows into the larger container and does not fall into the smaller container. Then place the thermometer in a smaller container and wait 5 minutes.

Calculation of water heating costs

I usually fill the kettle with water at room temperature 20°C to the 1 liter mark and always bring it to a boil (up to 100 degrees). Kettle power 2 kW. The simplest calculation shows that boiling will cost approximately 0.1 kWh (kilowatt hours) of electricity, 3 minutes of time, and, according to Moscow tariffs, fifty kopecks of money.

To calculate the consumed electricity, you must indicate the temperature of cold and hot water, as well as its volume (mass). You can indicate the efficiency of the heating device if you know it. If you set the efficiency to 100%, the calculation will show only the useful power spent on heating water. When indicating the real efficiency, the calculation will give the total power consumed from the network.

What happens when you drink warm water

One day, my friend went to visit relatives in Uzbekistan. In the heat of 50°C, everyone, young and old, drank hot tea and felt great. Peter MacNaughton from the University of Cambridge explains this phenomenon from a scientific point of view. When you drink a hot drink, the receptors send a signal to the brain, and the body immediately begins the cooling mechanism.

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A person begins to sweat and, thanks to the internal cooling system, it becomes much easier for him to survive the heat than after a bottle of cold mineral water. Residents of Uzbekistan came to this centuries ago. But we do not suggest you drink hot tea. We insist that warm water should be preferred instead of cold water due to a number of advantages.

Improves metabolism. It becomes many times faster, and it is better to start it in the morning. Just drink a glass of warm water with 2 tbsp. l. lemon juice in the morning on an empty stomach. Then, no matter what you eat, your metabolic rate will be high.
Flushes out toxins. Indeed, warm water is easier to flush out toxins and harmful fats from the body than regular cold water. Don't forget to drink a glass 30 minutes after eating.
Fights cholesterol. A mixture of warm water and lemon juice is incredibly beneficial for people suffering from excess weight and high cholesterol. It helps clear arteries, regulate weight and even blood sugar levels.
Cleanses the blood. In the morning, fill a copper thermos with warm water. Leave it like this until the evening. And before you go to bed, drink a glass or two of water. This liquid enhances the detoxification process.
Reduces phlegm levels. Warm water causes mucus to move, preventing bacteria from multiplying and therefore relieving the body of stress such as a cold.

This is why it is recommended to drink water at room temperature . The body will not waste energy on warming it and no negative consequences for digestion will follow.

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When too cold a liquid enters the body, it encounters a low temperature, which can lead to disruption of the digestive system and provoke spasms. Switch to warm water, and the changes will not take long to appear.

Recalculation if the temperature does not meet the standards

If the temperature of hot water at the time of collection was only 40 degrees, then payment for its consumption must be made at the rate for cold water. In order for recalculation to be made, it is necessary to measure the water temperature .

First, you should contact the dispatch service of the management company or housing and communal services. It is mandatory to record an application for water temperature below the required level in writing, indicating the application number, the time of its acceptance and the name of the dispatcher. Perhaps the drop in water temperature occurred due to a technical malfunction of the pipeline or for some other known reason. In this case, the dispatcher is obliged to notify about the emergency mode and the timing of troubleshooting.

Features of measurements

Draining the water should take at least two to three minutes.
It is worth paying attention to where the hot water comes from (for example, from a heated towel rail pipe or from an “independent” pipe).

It is also necessary to eliminate the discrepancy with SanPiN, for this there is an article in the Code of Administrative Offenses, it reads “Violation of standards for the provision of utility services” and implies a fine .

Standard hot water temperature in the apartment

We must not forget that the reason for filing a claim may be not only water temperature that does not meet the standards, but also its quality. If the water has any unnatural color or smell, this is also a reason to sound the alarm. The temperature of hot water at water points should vary from 60-75°C.

To take measurements correctly, you must follow the following rules:

Open the tap and allow the stagnant water to drain. Wait until the water drains for about 3 minutes.
Fill the glass with water so that it overflows for some time over the boundaries of the dish, otherwise by the time you bring the glass to the place where the process of measuring the temperature will be carried out, the water will simply cool down.
Place a thermometer with a scale of 100° in a glass, in the very middle of the dish.
Record the result.

The point is not only that there is an overpayment for a poorly provided service, the most important thing is that all these violations can harm the health and life of all family members. With the result of measuring the water temperature, if according to any criteria it deviates from the established parameters, you should contact the housing and communal services.

As a rule, a specialist’s visit should take place on the day the application is submitted, within the next few hours.

With the act in hand, you can safely demand a recalculation for payment to FGPs if the norms have been violated. It is necessary to request a recalculation for a precise period: from submitting an application to the dispatcher until eliminating the malfunction. If no action has been taken by the management company, then this period is considered unfinished.

Temperature according to GOST

The qualitative composition of all water used for household and drinking needs must fully comply with the current State Standard, and for production purposes it is regulated by technological requirements.

The temperature regime of cold water in the GOCT tap is not regulated, but you need to remember that these indicators directly depend on the time of year.

This feature is associated with the temperature of the water at the source of water intake, as well as the temperature indicators of the soil at the level of the water pipeline.

In the main water supply, the water temperature can even be negative, since under conditions of high pressure inside the system, the process of freezing the liquid is noticeably slowed down.

It should be noted that in residential buildings and industrial facilities, where it is not possible to fully meet the needs of all consumers through sources of drinking water supply, the presence of technical and economic feasibility, as well as approvals from the SES, makes it possible to supply non-drinking water to premises with some basic plumbing fixtures.

Despite the fact that temperature standards for cold tap water are not provided for by regulations, local recommendations of service organizations often set parameters within 4-20 ° C.

In winter, some apartments can be extremely hot, while others, on the contrary, are very fresh. The temperature standard in the apartment during the heating season must be regulated by the management company.

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Temperature of cold water from the tap according to the standard

The temperature of cold water in the tap is measured with a simple water thermometer. It only takes a few minutes to do this. This information will be especially useful for those who are planning to purchase instantaneous heaters or are using expensive plumbing equipment to modernize their bathroom or toilet.

It is important to maintain a more or less constant balance for the flow-through heater. If the suitable liquid is cooled to below +8...+15 degrees, the heater will not be able to cope with the task of providing a comfortable water temperature to the user.