Calculation of heating fees in an apartment building from 2020 to 2020

Legislation

Federal Law No. 190-FZ dated July 27, 2010 “On Heat Supply” regulates relations in the field of heating residential buildings.
Federal Law of December 7, 2011 No. 416-FZ “On Water Supply and Sanitation” in Article 7 of Chapter 3 contains general rules for heat supply of apartment buildings.
Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated May 6, 2011 No. 354 “On the provision of utility services to owners and users of residential premises in apartment buildings” in Appendix 1 establishes requirements for the quality of heat provision (permissible breaks, conditions and procedure for changing fees, air temperature standards).
GOST R 51617-2000 “Housing and communal services. General technical conditions" regulates the provision of standard levels of air heat.
SP 60.13330 SNiP 41-01-2003 “Heating, ventilation and air conditioning”.

Calculation of heating in an apartment building for the period from 2020 to 2020

Comments

Recently, significant changes have been made to the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated May 6, 2011 No. 354, which determines the procedure for calculating the amount of payment for utilities, including heating services.

This article will discuss current methods for calculating the amount of heating fees in an apartment building for the period from 2020 to 2020 .

It is worth noting that the choice of methodology for calculating the amount of heating fees now determines not only the presence or absence of communal and individual heat energy meters in an apartment building, but also the period for calculating the amount of the fee.

This means that heating fees can be calculated during the heating season, that is, when this service is actually provided, or throughout the year in equal amounts.

Also important is the method of supplying thermal energy to an apartment building, that is, in finished form via centralized networks or thermal energy is produced using equipment that is part of the common property of the apartment building.

The calculation methods and examples presented below provide an explanation of the calculation of the heating fee for residential premises (apartments) located in apartment buildings with centralized systems for supplying thermal energy.

Options for calculating the heating fee:

Calculation No. 1 - There is no communal (collective) metering device in an apartment building

Calculation No. 2 - A common building (collective) metering device is installed in an apartment building; not all residential and non-residential premises are equipped with individual metering devices for thermal energy *

Calculation No. 3 - A communal (collective) metering device is installed in an apartment building; all residential and non-residential premises are equipped with individual heat energy metering devices

Calculation No. 1

When calculating the amount of payment for heating, formula No. 2 of Appendix No. 2 of the Rules approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of May 6, 2011 No. 354 is used if:

→ the apartment building does not have a common building meter for heating, → the calculation of the heating fee is carried out during the heating period.

Formula No. 2

Pi = Si x NT x TT,

Where:

Si is the total area of your apartment;

NT is the consumption standard for heating utility services;

TT is the heat tariff set for your region and service provider.

An example of calculating the heating fee using formula No. 2:

The house heating meter installed The heating fee is calculated only during the heating season .

Initial data for calculation:

→ The total area of your apartment is 45 square meters (m2); → The heating consumption standard for your region is set at 0.018 gigacalories per 1 square meter of total area; → The heat energy tariff for your service provider is 1,950 rubles per 1 gigacalorie.

The heating fee for your apartment will be calculated as follows:

45 m2 x 0.018 Gkl x 1,950 rub. = 1579.50 rub.

According to formula No. 2, the heating fee for your apartment when calculated during the heating period will be 1,579.50 rubles.

When calculating the amount of payment for heating, formula No. 2(1) of Appendix No. 2 of the Rules approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of May 6, 2011 No. 354 is used if:

→ the apartment building does not have a common building meter for heating, → the calculation of the heating fee is carried out during the calendar year (within 12 months).

Formula 2(1)

Pi = Si x (NT x K) x TT,

Where:

Si—total area of living space (apartment);

NT is the consumption standard for heating utility services;

K is the coefficient of frequency of payments by consumers for heating utility services, equal to the number of months of the heating period, including incomplete ones;

TT is the heat tariff set for your region and service provider.

It is worth noting that according to Government Decree No. 857 of August 27, 2012, the value of K - the coefficient of frequency of payments by consumers, is determined by dividing the number of months of the heating period in a year by the number of calendar months in a year. In this case, payment for utility heating services is calculated in each billing period of the calendar year.

An example of calculating the heating fee using formula No. 2(1):

The apartment building does not have a common building meter for thermal energy (heating). The heating fee is calculated throughout the entire calendar year .

→ the total area of your apartment is 45 square meters (m2); → the heating consumption standard for your region is set at 0.018 gigacalories per 1 square meter of total area; → the tariff for thermal energy for your region and service provider is 1,950 rubles per 1 gigacalorie; → the coefficient of frequency of payment by consumers is 0.583 (that is, the number of months of the heating period in your region - 7 months - must be divided by the number of months in the year - 12 months: 7 / 12 = 0.583).

The heating fee for your apartment will be calculated in the following order:

45 m2 x (0.018 Gkl x 0.583) x 1,950 rub. = 920.85 rub.

According to formula No. 2(1), the monthly heating payment for your apartment throughout the entire calendar year will be 920.85 rubles.

Calculation No. 2

* According to the decision of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation dated July 10, 2018 No. 30-P, paragraph 3 of paragraph 42(1) of the Rules for the Provision of Public Utilities, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated May 6, 2011 No. 354, was declared inconsistent with the Constitution of the Russian Federation. In this regard, calculation formulas 3, 3(1), 3(2) are not used to calculate the size of the heating utility fee in an apartment building , which, upon commissioning, including after major repairs, was equipped with a building-wide heat meter energy , both residential and non-residential premises in which were equipped with individual heat energy meters , but their safety in individual premises was not ensured.

In such houses, the calculation of the payment amount should be made taking into account the readings of individual heat supply meters and standards established for heating.

When calculating the amount of payment for heating, formula No. 3 of Appendix No. 2 of the Rules approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated May 6, 2011 No. 354 is used if:

→ a communal heating meter is installed in an apartment building, → not all residential and non-residential premises are equipped with individual heat energy meters, → the heating fee is calculated during the heating season.

Formula No. 3

Where:

VD - volume (quantity) of thermal energy consumed according to the readings of a common house (collective) metering device;

Si is the total area of your apartment;

Sob - the total area of all residential and non-residential premises in an apartment building;

TT is the heat tariff set for your region and service provider.

An example of calculating the heating fee using formula No. 3:

heating meter is installed in an apartment building There are no individual heating meters in all areas of the apartment building. The heating fee is calculated only during the heating season .

→ The amount of thermal energy determined according to the readings of a common house meter for January 2020 is 170 gigacalories; → The total area of your apartment is 45 square meters (m2); → The total area of residential and non-residential premises located in the house is 7,100 square meters; → The tariff for thermal energy established for your region and service provider is 1950 rubles per 1 gigacalorie.

The heating fee for your apartment will be calculated in the following order:

170 Gkl x 45 m2 / 7100 m2 x 1950 rub. = 2101.06 rub.

According to formula No. 3, the heating payment for your apartment for January 2020 will be 2101.06 rubles.

When calculating the amount of payment for heating, formula No. 3(1) of Appendix No. 2 of the Rules approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of May 6, 2011 No. 354 is used if:

→ an apartment building has a communal heating meter installed, → not all residential and non-residential premises are equipped with individual heat energy meters, → the heating fee is calculated over a calendar year (12 months).

Formula No. 3(1)

Pi = Si x VT x TT,

Where:

Si is the total area of your apartment;

VT – average monthly volume of thermal energy consumed for heating needs over the previous year. This volume is calculated based on the readings of the common building meter with which the apartment building is equipped, the number of months in the year and the total area of all residential and non-residential premises in the apartment building;

TT is the heat tariff set for your region and service provider.

An example of calculating the heating fee using formula No. 3(1):

Your house has a common house meter for thermal energy (heating). Individual heat energy meters are not installed in all rooms of an apartment building. The heating fee is calculated only for the entire calendar year .

→ The amount of thermal energy determined according to the readings of a common house meter for 2020 is 750 gigacalories; → The total area of residential and non-residential premises located in the house is 6,000 square meters; → The total area of your apartment is 62 square meters; → The tariff for thermal energy established for your region and service provider is 1,600 rubles per 1 gigacalorie.

The heating fee for your apartment will be calculated in the following order:

First of all, the average monthly volume of thermal energy for the previous year is calculated:

750 Gkl / 12 months / 6000 m2 = 0.011 Gkl.

Then the monthly heating fee in 2017 is calculated:

62 m2 x 0.011 x 1600 = 1091.20 rub.

Thus, the monthly heating payment for your apartment during 2020 will be 1091.20 rubles.

It should be noted that when calculating the amount of the fee in this way, that is, using the average monthly readings of the common house meter for the previous year, in the first quarter of the year following the calculated one, it is necessary to make an adjustment to the amount of the fee.

This means that in the first quarter of 2020 you will be additionally charged or written off depending on the actual readings of the common house meter for 2020.

The adjustment of the fee in this case is made according to formula No. 3(2):

Formula No. 3(2)

Where:

Pkipr - the amount of payment for the heating utility service, determined based on the readings of the collective (common house) metering device installed in an apartment building over the past year;

Si is the total area of your apartment;

Sob - the total area of all residential and non-residential premises in an apartment building;

Pfn.i - the total amount of payment for heating utilities in your apartment for the past year.

Example of adjustment calculation:

→ The amount of thermal energy determined according to the readings of a common house meter for 2020 is 850 gigacalories. → The total area of residential and non-residential premises located in the house is 6,000 square meters. → The total area of your apartment is 62 square meters. → The tariff for thermal energy established for your region and service provider is 1,600 rubles per 1 gigacalorie. → The heating fee for the previous year for your apartment is 1091.20 rubles. x 12 months = 13094.40 rub.

Calculation of the amount of adjustment will look like this:

850 Gkl x 1600 rub. = 1,360,000 rub. – the amount of heating fees for your home for the entire year 2020 according to the readings of the common house meter.

1,360,000 x 62 / 6000 – 13,094.40 rub. = 958.93 rub.

So the amount is 958.93 rubles. is subject to additional accrual for your apartment in the first quarter of 2020, since the actual accrued amount for 2020 is less than the amount of the fee determined according to the readings of the common building meter.

It is worth noting that if the total amount of the fee determined by the actual readings of the common house meter is less than what was accrued to you during the billing year, then in the first quarter of the month following the billing year you will have to make an accrual for this service, that is, reduce the amount of the fee .

For example, with all the same indicators in the example above, we will only change the amount of the fee for 2020 based on the readings of the common house meter. It will be equal to 700 Gcl.

Then the board size adjustment will look like this:

700 Gkl x 1600 rub. = 1,120,000 rub. – the amount of heating fees for your home for the entire year 2020 according to the readings of the common house meter.

RUB 1,120,000 x 62 m2 / 6000 m2 – 13,094.40 rub. = - 1521.07 rub.

The amount to reduce the fee according to the adjustment for your apartment will be 1,521.07 rubles.

Calculation No. 3

When calculating the amount of payment for heating, formula No. 3(3) of Appendix No. 2 of the Rules approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of May 6, 2011 No. 354 is used if:

→ a building-wide heating meter is installed in an apartment building, → all residential and non-residential premises are equipped with individual heat energy meters, → the heating fee is calculated during the heating season.

Formula No. 3(3)

Where:

Vin is the volume (quantity) of thermal energy consumed in your apartment during the billing period, determined according to the readings of an individual or general (apartment) meter.

Viodn - the volume (quantity) of thermal energy provided during the billing period to an apartment building equipped with a collective (common building) heat energy meter, with the exception of the volume (quantity) of thermal energy consumed in all residential or non-residential premises in an apartment building, which is determined by formula:

Where:

Vd - volume (quantity) of thermal energy consumed during the billing period in an apartment building, determined according to the readings of the collective (common house) metering device,

Si is the total area of your apartment;

Sob - the total area of all residential and non-residential premises in an apartment building;

TT is a tariff for thermal energy established in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

An example of calculating the heating fee using formula No. 3(3):

Your house has a common house meter for thermal energy (heating). Individual heat energy meters are installed in all rooms of the apartment building. The heating fee is calculated during the heating season .

→ The amount of thermal energy consumed in your apartment in January 2020 is 1.2 Gcl. → The amount of thermal energy, determined according to the readings of a common house meter for January 2017, is 65 gigacalories. → The amount of thermal energy consumed in all residential and non-residential premises in January 2017 is 53 Gkl, according to the readings of individual metering devices. → The total area of residential and non-residential premises located in the house is 6,000 square meters. → The total area of your apartment is 62 square meters. → The tariff for thermal energy established for your region and service provider is 1,600 rubles per 1 gigacalorie.

The heating payment for your apartment for January 2020 will be calculated in the following order:

First of all, the volume of thermal energy provided during the billing period to an apartment building is calculated, with the exception of the volume of thermal energy consumed in all residential or non-residential premises in an apartment building, that is, the value -

65 Gkl – 53 Gkl = 12 Gkl.

Then the heating fee in January 2017 for your apartment is calculated:

(1.2 Gkl + 12 Gkl x 62 m2 / 6000 m2) x 1600 rub. = 2118.40 rub.

Thus, the heating payment for your apartment for January 2017 will be 2118.40 rubles.

→ a common building heating meter is installed in an apartment building, → all residential and non-residential premises are equipped with individual heat energy meters, → the heating fee is calculated over a calendar year (12 months).

Formula No. 3(3)

Where:

Vin is the volume (quantity) of thermal energy consumed in your apartment during the billing period, determined based on the average monthly readings of your individual or general (apartment) meter for the previous year.

Where

Vd - volume (quantity) of thermal energy consumed during the billing period in an apartment building, determined based on the average monthly readings of the collective (community) metering device for the previous year;

Si is the total area of your apartment;

Sob - the total area of all residential and non-residential premises in an apartment building;

TT is a tariff for thermal energy established in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

An example of calculating the heating fee using formula No. 3(3):

→ The amount of thermal energy consumed in your apartment based on the average monthly readings of your individual meter for the previous year is 0.7 Gcl; → The amount of thermal energy, determined from the average monthly readings of a common house meter the previous year, is 44 gigacalories; → The amount of thermal energy consumed in all residential and non-residential premises is 40 Gcl, based on the average monthly readings of individual metering devices for the previous year; → The total area of residential and non-residential premises located in the house is 6,000 square meters. → The total area of your apartment is 62 square meters; → The tariff for thermal energy established for your region and service provider is 1,600 rubles per 1 gigacalorie.

The heating payment for your apartment monthly throughout the entire calendar year will be calculated in the following order:

44 Gkl – 40 Gkl = 4 Gkl.

Then the monthly heating fee for your apartment is calculated:

(0.7 Gkl + 4 Gkl x 62 m2 / 6000 m2) x 1600 rub. = 1186.13 rub.

Thus, the monthly heating payment for your apartment throughout the entire billing year will be RUB 1,186.13.

It should be noted that when calculating the amount of the fee in this way, that is, using the average monthly readings of the common house and individual meters for the previous year, in the first quarter of the year following the calculated one, it is necessary to make an adjustment to the amount of the fee.

This means that, for example, in the first quarter of 2020, you will be additionally charged or written off depending on the actual readings of the common house and individual metering devices for 2020.

The adjustment of the fee in this case is made according to formula No. 3(4) based on:

The amount of the fee is based on the actual readings of common house and individual metering devices for the billing year;
The amount of the fee is based on the average monthly volumes of communal and individual metering devices calculated for the year.

Formula No. 3(4)

Рi = Рkpi - Рnpi,

Where:

Рkpi - the amount of payment for thermal energy consumed over the past year in your apartment, determined by formula 3(3) based on the readings of your individual or common (apartment) metering device and the readings of the collective (common house) thermal energy metering device.

Рnpi - the amount of payment for thermal energy accrued over the past year for your apartment, determined by formula 3(3) based on the average monthly volume of thermal energy consumption for the previous year.

Adjustment calculation example

→ The amount of payment for thermal energy consumed in your apartment based on the actual readings of individual and communal (collective) meters for the year is 14,000 rubles;

→ The amount of payment for thermal energy consumed in your apartment based on the average monthly readings of individual and communal (collective) metering devices for the year is 13,000 rubles.

Calculation of the amount of adjustment will look like this:

14,000 rub. – 13,000 rub. = 1,000 rub.

So the amount is 1,000 rubles. is subject to additional accrual for your apartment in the first quarter of 2020, since the actual accrued amount for 2020 is less than the amount of the fee determined based on the readings of individual and communal metering devices.

It is worth noting that if the total amount of the fee, determined according to the actual readings of individual and general house metering devices, is less than what was accrued to you during the billing year, then in the first quarter of the month following the billing year you will have to make an accrual for this service, that is, reduce board size.

For example, with all the same indicators in the example above, we will only change the amount of the fee for 2020 based on the readings of the individual and communal metering devices. It will be equal to 11,500 rubles.

Then the board size adjustment will look like this:

11,500 rub. – 13,000 rub. = 1,500 rub.

The amount to reduce the heating fee according to the adjustment for your apartment will be 1,500 rubles.

When heat depends on batteries

The heat supply is regulated by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 354 of May 6, 2011. According to this document, the start and end of heating is tied to the ambient temperature. The central heating radiators are turned on when the daily average drops 8 degrees above zero and lasts for five days. On the main territory of Russia this occurs by mid-October.

Battery under the window

Water leaves radiators when the average outdoor temperature reaches +8 degrees Celsius. And it remains so for five days. Battery shutdown times vary according to regulations.

In warm years this occurs at the end of April.

If the temperature is low, then according to the standards, heating of residential and industrial premises is maintained until mid-May. Only during this period of time should we talk about temperature standards for water in radiators. The rest of the time, fighting the cold is the job of the residents.

Normal water temperature

It was once believed that water for central heating should be heated to 100 degrees on the outlet and 60 degrees on the return flow. At that time there was no good equipment to control the heating of water for central heating. This approach is not cost effective. Rising fuel costs increase utility bills for homeowners.

Standard radiators

Modern equipment allows the use of low-temperature heating of apartments according to standards. This means that the water temperature standards in heating radiators are not constant. They become attached to external factors. The following are taken into account:

Heat loss from buildings. It is theoretically possible to build a house without heat loss. To do this, you will need to cover it with insulation of at least a meter thick. In fact, 150 mm of high-performance insulation is considered good thermal insulation. But heat loss will still occur through the walls, floor and roof. The higher these losses, the more heating the home needs to create a comfortable environment.
Heat source indicators. If the boiler does not meet the design requirements, then more heating of water for heating is required.
Heat transfer from the metal from which pipes and batteries are made. If the metal of the pipes has low thermal conductivity, this will prevent heat loss during transportation from the heat source. Batteries, on the contrary, must have high thermal conductivity in order to transfer heat to the maximum. Cast iron batteries have lower thermal conductivity compared to aluminum and bimetallic ones. For equal heating, the water temperature must be higher in cast iron.

Installing a heating battery according to standards
When assessing the comfort of housing, the temperature in the heating system is not the main indicator. Temperature standards refer to the state of the apartment's atmosphere.

Methods for measuring water in radiators

When considering the question of how to measure the temperature of a battery in an apartment, the following methods can be distinguished:

an ordinary thermometer (on the surface of the radiator);
infrared thermometer;
alcohol thermometer;
special electrical device.

When measuring with a regular thermometer, you need to add 1-2 degrees to the result. A more accurate result will be given by an infrared device, the error of which is 0.5 degrees.

In order to regularly monitor the temperature of the water in the batteries, you can use an alcohol thermometer. To do this, the device is attached with tape to the radiator and wrapped in heat-insulating material.

The battery may not heat up evenly.

You can also use an electric version of the thermometer for measurements. To do this, a wire with a thermocouple is wound to the battery, and it takes readings of the degree of heating. If a consumer calls a special commission to measure the temperature of heating radiators in an apartment, then their device must have a quality certificate and first pass state inspection. The actions of specialists must comply with GOST 30494-96 (clause 4 in the “Control methods” section).

If the temperature of the heating pipes in the apartment is higher than normal, then it can be adjusted in several ways:

using special devices;
ventilation;
using thick curtains.

There are special taps with which you can regulate the temperature. They are installed on each radiator. A simpler method is to ventilate the room. You can also simply use curtains made of dense material, which will let less sunlight into the room. It is much easier to deal with high room temperatures than low ones. What to do if the minimum temperature of the batteries in the apartment is lower than indicated in the temperature chart? To do this you should:

call utility services;
insulate windows, doors and walls;
install new radiators.

If you don’t know how to check the temperature of the batteries in the apartment, you can call specialists. Also read: “Blowing and cleaning batteries.”

Utility services measure plumbing and heating systems. After this, an act is drawn up. Then, if the tenant's claims are confirmed, utility companies must increase or decrease water heating. Another way would be to install new heating radiators. Details about the installation can be found in the video:

You should pay attention to the material from which the batteries are made.

Aluminum radiators have high thermal conductivity, so they will transfer heat well. But cast iron, although they are able to retain heat longer, will release it more slowly. Because of this, the room will take a long time to warm up.

The speed of water movement also affects the temperature in the heating pipes in apartments. Don’t forget that corner apartments are always cooler, because they have more walls in contact with the street. To reduce heat loss, it is necessary to insulate the walls. Insulating windows and doors through which cold air enters will also not be superfluous.

Even the most fashionable and modern infrared heating of a private home consumes the same amount of electricity as any other electric heater of equal power, even the most ancient one.

You can read more about infrared heating and energy consumption in this article.

Pyrometer and how to work with it

A pyrometer is an infrared thermometer. It determines temperature by electromagnetic radiation. An accurate engineering device allows you to quickly measure the temperature of an object located at a distance not exceeding three meters from the device.

Heating standards

But even this excellent equipment is capable of producing errors, which is what negligent utility workers take advantage of. When measuring temperature, the device readings will be erroneous if:

in a relatively small room there are many objects made from various materials;
there is high humidity or a lot of dust in the room;
the temperature of the device differs significantly from the room temperature;
the distance to the measured object exceeds 3 m;
the room is very large.

How to determine the average daily temperature

There is a certain standard for taking measurements. You need to place the device:

From external walls	At a distance of one meter
From the floor	1.5 meters

If an inspection is carried out taking into account the requirements, and deviations from the norm by more than 3-4 degrees are found, the cost of housing and communal services is reduced by 0.15% per hour of non-compliance. A recalculation may be performed.

The nuances of taking measurements in the apartment before calling a specialist:

Required	Regular room thermometer with high accuracy
You need to choose the right place	It is not recommended to install the device in areas where it will be deliberately exposed to low or high temperatures
Time to take measurements	Minimum 10 minutes. The temperature should be recorded three to six times a day. Best is every hour. All data is entered into an application that will be transferred to the management company

In order for measures to be taken - a recalculation is carried out or heating is supplied, you should request a specialist visit to your home.

He will take measurements again using special equipment, check the apartment for heat leaks, holes, breakages in pipes, and draw up a report.

In general, the procedure takes about 30 days. If results are not received within this time, you can contact a higher authority.

How to measure coolant temperature?

The temperature of the coolant in the heating system provides for the following standards:

Hot water in the tap should be available all year round and its temperature should be from +50°C to +70°C;
During the heating season, heating devices are filled with this liquid.

In order to find out the temperature of the heating radiator, you need to open the tap and place a container with a thermometer. At this time, the temperature may rise by 4°C.

When a problem arises in this matter, it is tedious to file a complaint with the Housing Office, but if the batteries are airy, the complaint is written to the DEZ. A specialist should come within a week to fix everything.

There are several more ways to measure the temperature of heating radiators in an apartment building:

Using a thermometer, the temperature of the heating pipes or the radiators themselves is measured; 1 -2°C must be added to the result obtained;
To measure data more accurately, you need to buy a thermometer-pyrometer that can measure temperature with an accuracy of 0.5°C;
You need to take an alcohol thermometer and place it on a certain place on the radiator, then wrap it with tape and wrap it with any thermal insulator (foam rubber, flywheel). Now it will play the role of a permanent temperature meter of the heating system;
In the case when you have an electronic measuring device at hand, for example, a multimeter, with a temperature measurement function, a wire with a thermocouple is wound to the radiator, and the temperature of the coolant is measured.

If you are not satisfied with the temperature of your heating devices or any other parameters of the coolant, then after filing a complaint a commission will come to you whose task will be to measure the temperature of the circulating fluid in the heating system.

They must strictly act in accordance with paragraph 4, which is specified in the “Control Methods” of GOST 30494−96, and the device must have registration, as well as verification and quality certificates. The measurement range should range from +5 to +40°C, the permissible error should be within 0.1°C.

How to find out the temperature of the coolant in the batteries

When doubts arise about the quality of the heating services provided, and the inhabitants of the apartment simply begin to freeze, measures should be taken to determine the cause. To do this, measure the temperature:

air in the room;
pipes;
batteries;
coolant - water in the heating system.

The data obtained will help you understand whether the room is really unreasonably cold or whether it is just a subjective feeling.

It must be taken into account that independent measurements of heating indicators are not direct evidence of violation of standards. However, they can serve as a basis for filing a complaint and inviting representatives of the service organization for control measurements.

Determining the water temperature in the central system

It should be noted that reliably measuring the temperature of the coolant in a central heating system is not so easy. The most accurate indicator remains only the air temperature in the room. However, you can do the following:

Open the tap if it is installed on the radiator in the apartment.
Place a container under it, after placing a thermometer there.
Collect water.
Wait for the final thermometer reading.

This indicator must comply with the described standards, but upward deviation from them is also allowed. The maximum temperature deviation is up to 4 °C.

In addition, if air is detected in the heating system of the apartment, you should contact the service organization.

Determining hot water indicators

There is another way to establish the truth, related to the fact that the temperature of the heating batteries in the apartment and the hot water supply are directly related. Therefore, it is advisable to measure the water degree like this:

Open the hot tap.
Wait 3 minutes for the water to heat up to maximum.
Take a container and place it under the stream without closing the tap.
Place the thermometer in the center of the container.
Wait for the final readings from the device to be received.

If the device shows a number from 60 to 75 °C, everything is normal with the coolant. If the temperature data is lower, it is possible that the water in the heating system is not heated enough.

What does temperature depend on?

There are several other factors that influence indoor temperature:

If the air temperature outside is low, it will be lower indoors;
Wind speed also has an impact on temperature. The stronger the wind loads, the greater the heat loss will be through windows and entrance doors;
Tightness of sealing joints in the walls of the house. For example, metal-plastic windows and insulation of facade walls can significantly affect the temperature inside the home.

Everything described above is undoubtedly important. But the main factor that greatly influences the temperature in the rooms is the temperature of the heating radiators themselves. Typically, heating batteries powered from a central system have a temperature of 70 - 90°C.

It is known that the required temperature inside the room cannot be achieved by this factor alone, taking into account the fact that different rooms should have different temperature conditions due to their different purposes.

The temperature inside the room is also influenced by how intense the movement of people inside it is. Temperatures will be higher where people move the least.

This is the basis of heat distribution. As evidence, in sports facilities where people are constantly moving, the temperature is maintained at 18°C, since maintaining a higher temperature is not advisable.

Factors influencing the temperature of radiators:

Outside temperature;
Type of heating system. Standard for a one-pipe system: +105 °C, for a two-pipe system: +95 °C. The difference between supply and return should not be more than 105 - 70 °C and 95-70 °C, respectively;
Directions for the flow of coolant into the batteries. In the case where the wiring is from above, the difference will be: + 20 °C, from below - +30 °C;
Type of heating device. Radiators and convectors differ in heat transfer, which means that the temperature regime is also different. Convectors have lower heat transfer than radiators.

It is naturally clear to everyone that, regardless of whether it is a convector or a radiator, heat transfer will directly depend on the temperature outside. At zero street temperature, the heat transfer rate of radiators should vary within 40-45 °C supply and 30-35 °C return. For convectors, these characteristics are as follows: 41-49 °C supply and 36-40 °C return.

When the thermometer drops to -20 °C, these characteristics will be as follows: for radiators - supply 67-77 °C, return 53-55 °C, for convectors - supply 68-79 °C and return 55-57 °C. But when the thermometer reaches -40 °C, both radiators and convectors will have the same characteristics: supply 95-105 °C, return temperature 70 °C.

Who should I contact in case of poor-quality heating?

If the apartment is cool in winter, then you should measure the battery indicators. If the water temperature in them does not correspond to the norm, then it is necessary to write a complaint to certain authorities.

Such complaints are submitted to the Teplokomunenergo organization. The document must consist of two copies - you keep one of them, and the other remains under consideration.

This document, or rather the part that remains with you, must have the appropriate stamp and information about who accepted the application.

There are cases when the organization that supplies heat to homes ignores such requests. In this situation, you will have to contact other authorities.

You will need to send an application to the district prosecutor's office and the housing and communal services inspectorate, attaching a copy of the previous application. You can turn to consumer supervision for help.

But before submitting an application, you need to make sure that the cause of poor heating is the company’s fault, because consumers themselves sometimes have problems. To make sure of this, it is necessary to analyze the current situation.

First, you should find out what the temperature of the batteries in the apartment should be, and then measure the battery for heat.

It is necessary to check the performance of the heating system in other apartments. If the temperature is different, then most likely the problem lies with the consumer himself.

In such a situation, the apartment owner is obliged to check his radiator to see if it is airy or there is another reason.

It is very easy to check the airing of the battery: you need to open a special tap installed on the radiator.

Before opening the valve, place a bucket on the floor, then slowly begin to unscrew the valve. If the system is airy, water will begin to come out, creating a certain sound.

When the air has left the radiator, the valve should be closed, and after a short period of time, check the batteries again: now the radiators should heat up evenly.

There are situations when, upon inspection, the batteries are slightly warm, but you should not panic right away - this option may be at above-zero temperatures outside the window. After all, the colder it is outside, the more the batteries heat up.

When the temperature of the batteries is normal, but the apartment is still cool in winter, it is necessary to insulate the windows and doors by sealing all the cracks with special material.

Many residents complain about the cool air in the room, not taking into account the fact that they have a corner apartment, because it is always a little cooler there.

If the inspection of the heating system went well and no problems were identified, then call a specialist who will draw up a report and record the temperature readings.

With this data you need to go to the home heating service.

Video:

How are standards calculated?

As described above, the temperature graph is directly affected by the outside air temperature. Accordingly, the lower the temperature outside, the greater the heat loss. The question arises, what indicators should be used for the calculation?

This indicator can be found in regulatory documents. It is based on the average temperature of the five coldest days of the year. A period of 50 years is taken into account and the 8 coldest winters are selected. For what reasons is the average daily temperature calculated in this way?

Firstly, thanks to this, it is possible to be prepared in winter for low temperatures, which occur once every few years. In addition, taking these indicators into account, you can significantly save on costs during the creation of heating systems. In the case of mass construction, this amount will be very significant.

Accordingly, the temperature of the coolant will directly affect the temperature of the heated room.

Based on the street temperature indicators, the coolant temperature is calculated and has the following values:

Using the data from the table, you can easily determine the temperature of the coolant in the heating system of a panel house. You just need to use a thermometer to measure the temperature of the coolant during drainage from the batteries. The data in the 5th and 6th columns are the supply indicators, the 7th column is the return indicator. Please note that the first three columns indicate the temperature of the coolant at the inlet, i.e. excluding losses on heating mains.

The basis for recalculation of heating costs may be a discrepancy between the standard and actual coolant temperatures. In addition, you can install a meter, but all apartments in your house must be connected to central heating. These devices must be checked every year.

Thus, comfortable living in a high-rise apartment, in a country house or in a cottage directly depends on the arrangement of the heating system in the room. To do this, you need to know the most favorable temperature of the coolant in order to create as much comfort as possible in your home.

All special parameters are in various regulatory documents; if, for some reason, they are violated or not met, the Housing Office must consider the complaint or application and carry out appropriate control of all work to correct this misunderstanding.

Adjustment features

The parameters of heating routes are the responsibility of the management of thermal power plants and heating networks. At the same time, housing office employees are responsible for the network parameters inside the building. Mostly, residents' complaints about the cold concern deviations to the lower side. Much less common are situations where measurements inside thermal units indicate an increased return temperature.

There are several ways to normalize system parameters that you can implement yourself:

Reaming the nozzle. The problem of lowering the temperature of the liquid in the return can be solved by expanding the elevator nozzle. To do this, you need to close all the gates and valves on the elevator. After this, the module is removed, its nozzle is pulled out and drilled out 0.5-1 mm. After assembling the elevator, it is started to bleed air in the reverse order. It is recommended to replace the paronite seals on the flanges with rubber ones: they are made to the size of the flange from a car inner tube.
Silence the suction. In extreme cases (during the onset of extremely low frosts), the nozzle can be completely removed. In this case, there is a danger that the suction will begin to act as a jumper: to prevent this, it is turned off. For this, a steel pancake with a thickness of 1 mm is used. This method is emergency, because this can cause a jump in battery temperature to +130 degrees.
Difference control. A temporary way to solve the problem of temperature rise is to adjust the differential with an elevator valve. To do this, it is necessary to redirect the DHW to the supply pipe: the return pipe is equipped with a pressure gauge. The inlet valve of the return pipeline is completely closed. Next, you need to open the valve little by little, constantly checking your actions with the readings of the pressure gauge.

A simply closed valve can cause the circuit to stop and defrost. A reduction in the difference is achieved due to an increase in return pressure (0.2 atm/day). The temperature in the system must be checked every day: it must correspond to the heating temperature schedule.

How does a heating regulator work?

A regulator is a device that provides automatic control and adjustment of the temperature parameters of the coolant circulating in the heating system.

It consists of the following nodes and elements:

Computing and switching unit;
Actuator on the coolant supply line;
An actuator for mixing water from the return line (sometimes a three-way valve is used and then they are combined);
Boost pump on the “cold bypass” line (not always);
Booster pump on the supply line;
Shut-off fittings and valves;
Coolant supply sensor;
Return sensor;
Outside air temperature sensor;
Sensor (sensors in several places) room temperature;

The last two positions can be used either together or instead of each other, depending on how the heating schedule is set.

Now let's figure out how the control processes actually occur, how the regulator works.

Main elements of the temperature control system

The coolant temperature at the outlet of the heating system (return) depends on the volume of water passing through it, since the load is relatively constant. Therefore, the regulator, covering the water supply, increases the difference between the supply and return to the required value (sensors are embedded in these pipelines), to the required value.

If, on the contrary, it is necessary to increase the flow, then a booster pump is installed into the heating system, which is also controlled by the regulator. To lower the temperature of the incoming flow, the so-called “cold bypass” is used - part of the water circulated through the system is again sent to the inlet.

Thus, by redistributing flows depending on the data collected by the sensors, the regulator ensures a strict temperature schedule for the heating system.

One of the Vailant regulator block models

Often the heating controller is combined with a DHW controller using one computing unit. The hot water regulator is much simpler in terms of control and actuators. Using a sensor on the hot water supply line, the passage of coolant through the boiler is adjusted, and the stable 50 degrees required by the standard is ensured.

Maximum battery heating level

But the maximum standard water temperature in central heating radiators is prescribed in SNiP 41-01-2003 “Heating, ventilation and air conditioning”.

According to this document, the standards are as follows:

the temperature maximum for water in apartment radiators is 95 ℃ with a two-pipe heating distribution;
for single-pipe wiring, the maximum temperature is 115 ℃;
The recommended heating value for the coolant is in the range of 85-90 ℃, since when it reaches 100 ℃, water boils, and to prevent this, special substances are added to it.

It is worth noting that at the maximum threshold of the normal water temperature in the heating battery of 115 ℃, they work with increased load and fail quite quickly. Therefore, operating the equipment in this mode is not recommended.

What temperature should the batteries be?

The heating season begins in autumn. There is no exact start date, but there are certain rules for heat supply. If the outside temperature stays around +8 degrees Celsius for 5 days, then on the sixth day the heating is turned on. Temperature indicators indoors depend on several components:

battery temperatures;
heat output inside a living space;
apartment area;
frequency of room ventilation;
location of rooms in the general structure of the house (corner apartments and colder rooms);
construction and insulation materials for house walls.

According to Government Decree No. 354 of May 6, 2011, the following temperature standards in the apartment are provided:

residential part: +18° C;
corner room: +20° C;
kitchen: +18° C;
sanitary facility: +25° C;
landing: +16° C;
elevator: +5° C;
basement: +4° C;
attic: +4° C.

It should be noted that in the Northern regions the temperature regimes are slightly higher (in a living room: +20° C, in a corner room: +22° C). Measurements are made with a special thermometer, which must be located no lower than 1.5 m above the floor and no closer than 1 m to the wall. Measurements are carried out within 10 minutes.

See also: HOA - what is it and how to organize it?

The batteries must warm the room to the above values. Otherwise, residents have the right to expect a recalculation of utility bills. Permissible deviation of the water temperature in the batteries during the daytime: 3° C. At night (from 00:00 to 05:00) - up to 5° C. A greater decrease in temperature is not allowed except in emergency situations.

According to the standards approved by GosStroy Resolution No. 170 of September 27, 2003, when supplying water from bottom to top, the following temperature conditions are established:

Outdoor temperature (degrees Celsius)	Feed pipe (degrees Celsius)
+5	+50
+4	+53
+3	+56
+2	+59
+1	+62
65
-1	+67
-2	+70
-3	+73
-4	+76

Important: in accordance with SNiP - 01/41/2003, the maximum permissible water temperature in a two-pipe system is 95 ° C, in a single-pipe system - 105 ° C.

Devices

The most convenient and reliable is a portable infrared pyrometer with an accuracy class of 0.5. It takes readings remotely. That is, it is enough to point the bell at the surface to measure and record the value.

It is important that all measuring instruments, the readings of which will be used for complaints to government authorities and legal proceedings, must be operational and accurate. This can be confirmed by having them verified once a year by an accredited organization.

Thermometer

Without a pyrometer, you can check the heat transfer with a regular thermometer. To do this, you need to attach it with a flask to the battery, secure it with tape, and wrap it with heat-insulating material.

Calculation of the optimal temperature of the heating device

The most important thing is that the most comfortable temperature for human existence is +37°C.

When choosing a radiator, you need to calculate whether the thermal power of the device is enough to heat the room. There is a special formula for this:

S*h*41:42,

where S is the area of the room;
h – room height;
41 – minimum power per 1 cubic m S;
42 – nominal thermal conductivity of one section according to the passport.

Please note that a radiator placed under a window in a deep niche will produce almost 10% less heat. A decorative box will take 15-20%.

When you use a radiator to maintain the desired temperature in a room, you have two options: you can use small radiators and increase the water temperature in them (high temperature heating) or install a large radiator, but the surface temperature will not be as high (low temperature heating) .

With high temperature heating, radiators are very hot and can cause burns if you touch them. In addition, at a high temperature of the radiator, the decomposition of dust settled on it may begin, which will then be inhaled by people.

When using low temperature heating, the appliances are slightly warm, but the room is still warm. In addition, this method is more economical and safe.

Cast iron radiators

The average heat output of a separate section of a radiator made of this material ranges from 130 to 170 W, due to the thick walls and large mass of the device. Therefore, it takes a lot of time to warm up the room. Although this also has the opposite advantage - high inertia ensures long-term retention of heat in the radiator after the boiler is turned off.

The coolant temperature in it is 85-90 °C

Aluminum radiators

This material is lightweight, easily heats up and has good heat dissipation from 170 to 210 watts/section. However, it is susceptible to the negative effects of other metals and may not be installed in every system.

The operating temperature of the coolant in the heating system with this radiator is 70°C

Steel radiators

The material has even lower thermal conductivity. But due to the increase in surface area with partitions and ribs, it still heats well. Heat output from 270 W is 6.7 kW. However, this is the power of the entire radiator, and not of its individual segment. The final temperature depends on the dimensions of the heater and the number of fins and plates in its design.

The operating temperature of the coolant in the heating system with this radiator is also 70°C

So which one is better?

It will probably be more profitable to install equipment with a combination of the properties of an aluminum and steel battery - a bimetallic radiator. It will cost you more, but it will also last longer.

The advantage of such devices is obvious: if aluminum can withstand the temperature of the coolant in the heating system only up to 110°C, then bimetal can withstand up to 130°C.

Heat transfer, on the contrary, is worse than that of aluminum, but better than that of other radiators: from 150 to 190 W.

Warm floor

Another way to create a comfortable temperature environment in the room. What are its advantages and disadvantages over conventional radiators?

From a school physics course we know about the phenomenon of convection. Cold air tends to fall, and when it warms up, it rises. That’s why, by the way, my feet get cold. A warm floor changes everything - the heated air below is forced to rise upward.

This coating has a high heat output (depending on the area of the heating element).

The floor temperature is also specified in SNiP-e (“Building Norms and Rules”).

In a permanent home it should not be more than +26°C.

In rooms for temporary stay of people up to +31°C.

In institutions where children are taught, the temperature should not exceed +24°C.

The operating temperature of the coolant in the underfloor heating system is 45-50 °C. Surface temperature averages 26-28°C

Heat units

“...- How many parrots can fit in you, such is your height. - I really need it! I won’t swallow so many parrots!...”

From the film “38 Parrots”

According to the international rules of SI (International System of Units), the amount of thermal energy or quantity of heat is measured in Joules [J], and there are also multiple units kiloJoule [kJ] = 1000 J., MegaJoule [MJ] = 1,000,000 J, GigaJoule [ GJ] = 1,000,000,000 J. etc. This unit of measurement of thermal energy is the main international unit and is most often used in scientific and scientific-technical calculations.

However, all of us know or have heard at least once another unit of measurement of the amount of heat (or simply heat) is the calorie, as well as the kilocalorie, Megacalorie and Gigacalorie, which is what the prefixes kilo, Giga and Mega mean, see the example with Joules above. In our country, historically, when calculating tariffs for heating, be it heating with electricity, gas or pellet boilers, it is customary to consider the cost of exactly one Gigacalorie of thermal energy.

So what is Gigacalorie, kiloWatt, kiloWatt*hour or kiloWatt/hour and Joules and how are they related to each other?, you will learn in this article.

So, the basic unit of thermal energy is, as already mentioned, the Joule. But before talking about units of measurement, it is necessary, in principle, to explain at the everyday level what thermal energy is and how and why to measure it.

We all know from childhood that in order to warm up (receive thermal energy) we need to set something on fire, so we all burned fires; the traditional fuel for a fire is wood. Thus, obviously, when burning fuel (any: wood, coal, pellets, natural gas, diesel fuel) thermal energy (heat) is released. But to heat, for example, different volumes of water require different amounts of firewood (or other fuel). It is clear that to heat two liters of water, a few fires are enough, and to prepare half a bucket of soup for the entire camp, you need to stock up on several bundles of firewood. In order not to measure such strict technical quantities as the amount of heat and the heat of combustion of fuel with bundles of firewood and buckets of soup, heating engineers decided to bring clarity and order and agreed to invent a unit for the amount of heat. In order for this unit to be the same everywhere, it was defined as follows: to heat one kilogram of water by one degree under normal conditions (atmospheric pressure) requires 4,190 calories, or 4.19 kilocalories, therefore, to heat one gram of water a thousand times less heat will be enough – 4.19 calories.

The calorie is related to the international unit of thermal energy, the Joule, by the following relationship:

1 calorie = 4.19 Joules.

Thus, to heat 1 gram of water by one degree, 4.19 Joules of thermal energy will be required, and to heat one kilogram of water, 4,190 Joules of heat will be required.

In technology, along with the unit of measurement of thermal (and any other) energy, there is a unit of power and, in accordance with the international system (SI), this is the Watt. The concept of power also applies to heating devices. If a heating device is capable of delivering 1 Joule of thermal energy in 1 second, then its power is 1 Watt. Power is the ability of a device to produce (create) a certain amount of energy (in our case, thermal energy) per unit of time. Let's return to our example with water, to heat one kilogram (or one liter, in the case of water, a kilogram is equal to a liter) of water by one degree Celsius (or Kelvin, it makes no difference), we need a power of 1 kilocalorie or 4,190 J of thermal energy. To heat one kilogram of water in 1 second of time by 1 degree, we need a device with the following power:

4190 J./1 s. = 4,190 W. or 4.19 kW.

If we want to heat our kilogram of water by 25 degrees in the same second, then we will need twenty-five times more power, i.e.

4.19*25 =104.75 kW.

Thus, we can conclude that the pellet boiler has a capacity of 104.75 kW. heats 1 liter of water by 25 degrees in one second.

Since we got to watts and kilowatts, we should say a word about them. As already mentioned, Watt is a unit of power, including the thermal power of the boiler, but in addition to pellet boilers and gas boilers, humanity is also familiar with electric boilers, the power of which is measured, of course, in the same kilowatts and they consume neither pellets nor gas, and electricity, the amount of which is measured in kilowatt hours. The correct writing of the energy unit kilowatt*hour (namely, kilowatt multiplied by an hour, not divided), writing kW/hour is an error!

In electric boilers, electrical energy is converted into thermal energy (the so-called Joule heat), and if the boiler consumed 1 kWh of electricity, then how much heat did it produce? To answer this simple question, you need to do a simple calculation.

Let's convert kiloWatts into kiloJoules/seconds (kiloJoule per second), and hours into seconds: there are 3,600 seconds in one hour, we get:

1 kW*hour = [1 kJ/s]*3600 s.=1,000 J *3600 s = 3,600,000 Joules or 3.6 MJ.

So,

1 kW*hour = 3.6 MJ.

In turn, 3.6 MJ/4.19 = 0.859 Mcal = 859 kcal = 859,000 cal. Energy (thermal).

Now let's move on to Gigacalories, the price of which heating engineers like to calculate for various types of fuel.

1 Gcal = 1,000,000,000 cal.

1,000,000,000 cal. = 4.19*1,000,000,000 = 4,190,000,000 J. = 4,190 MJ. = 4.19 GJ.

Or, knowing that 1 kW*hour = 3.6 MJ, let’s recalculate 1 Gigacalorie per kilowatt*hour:

1 Gcal = 4190 MJ/3.6 MJ = 1,163 kW*hours!

If after reading this article you decide to consult with a specialist from our company on any issue related to heat supply, then come here!